Periodizarea istoriei şi periodizarea preistoriei. Aşa cum, îndeobşte, sunt prezentate oficial

Eastern Hemisphere in 500 BC.

Eastern Hemisphere in 323 BC.

Eastern Hemisphere in 200 BC.

Eastern Hemisphere in 100 BC.

World in AD 1.

Eastern Hemisphere in AD 200.

World in AD 300.

Eastern Hemisphere in AD 476.

===================

===============================

Ancient History Timeline

==============================

c6500-2900 BC NEOLITHIC PERIOD - Domestication of plants and animals allows for permanent settlements.
3000 BC Menes unifies Upper and Lower Egypt, and a new capital is erected at Memphis.

c3100-2686 BC Early Egyptian dynastic period, with a succession of kings that strengthened the unification of the two Egypts.

c2900-2000 BC Bronze Age- Early Aegean cultures

2700 BC 365 - day calendar is invented ( for Egyptians new year started with June)

2900 BC First Egyptian hieroglyphs

c2686-2613 BC Third Egyptian Dynasty
Zoser builds first pyramid, Step Pyramid at Sakkara, with the great help of the chief architect and priest Imhotep.


2600 BC Kufu (Cheops) builds the great Pyramid at Giza, followed by Chephren with a second pyramid and the Sphinx and Mycerinus with another pyramid.

c2500 BC Minoan civilization develops.

c2494-2345 BC During the 5th Egyptian dynasty, worship of sun god Ra becomes the predominant religion.

c2181-2040 BC FIRST INTERMEDIATE PERIOD of EGYPT- increases in power of provincial governors through the 6th dynasty, leads to breakdown of central authority and chaos throughout the country. This is the period of the upsurge of the cult of Osiris.

c2100 BC Mentuhotep II, first king of the 11th dynasty reunites Egypt, and established the capital at Thebes.

C1700-1550 BC SECOND INTERMEDIATE PERIOD. 13th dynasty collapses after a succession of short-lived and little known kings.

C1674 BC Memphis falls to Hyksos.

C1550-1085 BC NEW KINGDOM of EGYPT-Ahmose completes defeat of Hyksos and unites Egypt under new dynasty.

1512-1448 BC During Tuthmosis III, Egyptian rule is extended as far as the Euphrates River to the east and south to the Fourth Cataract of the Nile.

c1450 BC Tuthmosis IV digs the Sphinx out of the sands.

c1400 BC Volcanic eruption on Thera destroys Mycenae.

1391-1358 BC Amenhotep IV changes name to Akhenaten and tries to institute a monotheistic religion by worshipping only the sun-disk god Aten.

1375-50 BC Mycenaean customs appear on Crete.

1368-1349 BC Tutankhamen restores the old cults at Thebes, but shortly after is assasinated.

c1299 BC Ramesses II fights Hitties at the Battle of Kadesh. Builds temples at Thebes and Abu Simbel. He is considered the most prolific pharaoh to construct temples.

1224-1165 BC Ramesses III repulses invasion of Seas Peoples. He is considered the last great Egyptian pharaoh.

c1200 BC Destruction of Cretan palaces and of Priam's city at Troy (Ilium).

c1070-712 BC THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIOD of EGYPT- Ephemeral kings whom little is known. It is a period of overlapping rulers, with no strong central power. Invasion by Assyrians.

c1050-750 BC EARLY PERIOD of GREECE- First Greek migration to west coast of Asia minor. Few written records of this time period remain. Also, this era is known as the Dark Ages of Greece.

800-700 BC Italy inhabited by Hellenic and Etruscan people. The land is undeveloped.

776 BC First Olympic Games

753 BC Romulus founds Roman culture at the Palatine.

c750-700 BC Homer writes the Iliad and the Odyssey

c750-500 BC ARCHAIC PERIOD of GREECE- Greeks search for new land for agriculture. City-states are formed throughout the Mediterranean that function as political units or polis, each ruled by a king and a council.

735-700 BC First Greek colonies in Sicily.

c730-710 BC Spartans conquer southwest Peloponnese in the First Messenian War.

c700 BC Lelantine war in Euboia

c671-667 BC Assyrians invade Egypt, "sacking" Thebes and Memphis.

736-656 BC 25th dynasty. Egypt ruled by Kushite pharaohs.

540 BC Anaximander dies. He is credited with writing the first philosophical treatise and making the first map of know world.

525-404 BC 27th dynasty. Conquered by the King Conlyses who establishes first Persian domination of Egypt.

524 BC Greeks stop the southward Etruscan migration at Cumae.

509 BC Romans overthrow tyrant Tarquinius Superbus, ending the Etruscan dynasty.

500-323 BC CLASSICAL PERIOD of GREECE- Interest in literature, artwork, architecture, philosophy, and politics surges during this time period. Athens is the hub of activity throughout the Mediterranean.

490-479 BC GREEK Persian Wars.

490 BC First Persian War- Athenians defeat Persians at Marathon.

480 BC Second Persian War- Persian forces led by Xerxes destroy Athens. Greek forces won a major sea battle at Salamis.

461-446 BC First of the Peloponnesian Wars begins between Sparta and Athens.

450 BC ROMAN - Twelve Tables of Roman law are published.

441 BC Euripides writes his first tragic play.

431-405 BC Second of the Peloponnesian Wars between Sparta and Athens.

399 BC Socrates is tried and executed for his opposition to the Thirty Tyrants.

396 BC The city of Veii is conquered by Romans.

386 BC Plato, student of Socrates, founds the Academy.

384 BC Aristotle, student of Plato, is born.

359 BC Philip II becomes the king of Macedon.

357-356 BC Social War- between Macedon and Athens.

356 BC Alexander the Great, son of Philip II, is born. The temple of Delphi is destroyed in the Sacred War.

340 BC The Latin War begins.

338 BC King Philip II defeats Athenians and Thebans.

336 BC King Philip II is assassinated, and Alexander the Great takes throne.

332 BC Alexander the Great of Macedonia defeats Persians at Issus in 333 BC and is given Egypt by the Persian Satrap. He builds a capital at Alexandria.

332-395 AD Graeco-Roman Period.

323 BC Alexander the Great dies at Babylon.

323-31 BC HELLENISTIC PERIOD. Antigonid Macedon, Ptolemaic Egypt, and Seleucid Syria emerge as the three major kingdoms. Greece suffered from internal revolts.

304-30 BC The Ptolemies.

264 BC First Punic War to take Carthage for dominance of Mediterranean.

241 BC Romans win Sicily.

224 BC Earthquake destroys the Colossus.

221 BC The structure Circus Flaminius is built.

218-201 BC Second Punic War brings the defeat of General Hannibal of Carthage.

197 BC King Philip V loses to Roman forces at Kynoskephalai.

179 BC The structure Basilica Aemilia is built.

149-146 BC Third Punic War ends with the Roman capture of Carthage.

86 BC Roman General Sulla seizes Athens.

44 BC The assassination of Julius Caesar marks the end of the Roman Republic.

31 BC Octavian Caesar defeats Mark Antony and becomes emperor of Roman world. He is given title Augustus.

14 BC Augustus dies.

*************************
41 AD Gaius Julius, the emperor Caligula, is murdered.

43 AD Claudius wins victories in Britain.

64 AD Rome is burnt.

68 AD Civil War breaks out in Rome.

70 AD Emperor Titus captures Jerusalem.

97 AD Death of Nerva.

235-284 AD Germans, Goths, and Persians attack Rome.

267 AD Goths ruin Athens, Sparta, and Korinth

284 AD Diocletian restores order to Rome.

286 AD Emperor Diocletian divides Roman empire in two, forming modern Greece (the Byzantine Empire)

302 AD Diocletian banned Christians from the Roman Army.

312 AD Constantine defeats Maxentius to become absolute ruler of Rome.

337 AD Constantine dies.

363 AD Persians capture Mesopotamia.

410 AD Goths destroy Rome.

476 AD Western Rome dies.

641 AD Arab conquest.

641 AD Slavs overrun Greece

1453 AD Eastern Rome dissolves.
http://library.thinkquest.org/10805/timeline.html

PERIODIZAREA ISTORIEI UNIVERSALE EUROPENE

============

1. Preistoria 2.000.000–circa 800 î.Chr.
2. Protoistoria circa 800 î.Chr.–circa 650 î.Chr.
3. Antichitatea 650 î. Chr–476 d.Chr.

Grecia
- ep. homerică 1150–720 î. Chr
- arhaic 720–490 î.Chr.
- Clasic 490 –332 î.Chr.
- elenistic 332–146 î.Chr.

Roma
- regatul 753–510 î.Chr.
- republica 510–30 î.Chr.
- principatul 30 î. Chr–284 d. Chr
- dominatul 284–476 d.Chr.

4. Evul mediu 476-1453

Imperiul bizantin
- perioada de aur 474–726
- criza iconoclastă 726–843
- renaşterea macedoneană 843–1204
- criza latină 1204–1261
- renaşterea paleologă 1261–1453

Occidentul creştin
- perioada micilor regate germanice 476–800
- Sfântul Imperiu roman de naţiune germanică 800–919
- Statele medievale ale Europei occidentale 919–1453

Islamul
- Islamul ofensiv 622–661
- dinastia Umeyyadă 661–750
- dinastia Abassidă 750–1258
- statele islamice locale 1258–1453
5. Epoca modernă 1453–1789
- Renaşterea 1453–1582
- Formarea statelor moderne 1582–1659
- Hegemonia Franţei 1659–1713
- Secolul luminilor 1713–1789

6. Epoca contemporană 1789–2002
- Revoluţia franceză 1789–1794
==============================================
PERIODIZAREA PREISTORIEI ŞI PROTOISTORIEI EUROPENE
===============================================
1. Preistoria
1.1 Paleoliticul 2 000 000–10 000 î.Chr.
Inferior 2 000 000–150 000 î.Chr.
Mijlociu 150 000–35 000 î.Chr.
Superior 35 000–10 000 î.Chr.

1.2 Mezoliticul (Epipaleoliticul) 10 000–6500 î.Chr.

1.3 Neoliticul 6500–4000 î.Chr.
1.4 Eneoliticul 4000–3000 î.Chr.

1.5 Epoca Bronzului 3000–1000 î.Chr.
a. Perioada de trecere de la neolitic la epoca bronzului 3000–2000 î.Chr.
b. Faza timpurie a epocii bronzului 2000 –1600 î.Chr.
c. Faza mijlocie a epocii bronzului 1600–1300 î.Chr.
d. Faza târzie a epocii bronzului 1300 –1000 î.Chr.

1.6 Epoca Fierului 1000 î.Chr.–101 d.Chr.
A. Prima epocă a fierului 1000 –450 î.Chr.
a. Faza timpurie a primei epoci a fierului 1100–800 î.Chr.

2. Protoistoria
2.1 Epoca Fierului 1000 î.Chr.–101 d.Chr.

B. Prima epocă a fierului 1000 –450 î.Chr.
a. Faza timpurie a primei epoci a fierului 1100–800 î.Chr.
b. Faza mijlocie a primei epoci a fierului 800–600 î.Chr.
c. Faza târzie a primei epoci a fierului 600–450 î.Chr.

C. A doua epocă a fierului (La Tène) 450 î.Chr.– cucerirea romană

===================================
PERIODIZAREA ARHEOLOGICĂ A ROMÂNIEI
===================================
1. Preistoria
1.1. Paleoliticul 2 000 000/1 800 000–13000 BP1
A. inferior 2 000 000/1 800 000–100 000 B.P.
a. Abbevillian 850 000–650 000 B.P.
b. Acheuleean 650 000–350 000 B.P.
B. mijlociu 100 000–30 000 B.P.
C. superior 30 000–13 000 B.P.

1.2. Epipaleolitic/Mezolitic 13 000–6600 î.Chr.
A. Faza epipaleolitică 13 000–11 200 î.Chr.
B. Faza mezolitică 11 200–9000 î.Chr.
C. Faza de trecere la neolitic 9000 –6600 î.Chr.

1.3. Neo-eneolitic 6600–4500 î.Chr.
A. Vechi 6600–5000 î.Chr.
- cultura Cârcea-Gura Baciului
- cultura Criş-cultura Banatului
- cultura Balomir
- cultura Iernut
- cultura Ciumeşti
- cultura Pişcolţ
- cultura Dudeşti

B. Mijlociu 5000–4500 î.Chr.
- cultura Vinča
- cultura ceramicii lineare
- cultura cardială (Hamangia)
- cultura Vădastra
- cultura Boian
- cultura Turdaş
- cultura Precucuteni
- cultura Tisa

D. Eneolitic 4500–3800/3700 î.Chr.
- cultura Gumelniţa
- cultura Sălcuţa
- cultura Tisa
- cultura Petreşti
- cultura Cucuteni

1.4. Epoca Bronzului 3800–1100 î.Chr.
A. Perioada de trecere de la neolitic la Epoca Bronzului
3800–2300/2200 î.Chr.
a. cultura Cernavodă I
b. cultura Horodiştea
c. cultura Folteşti
d. cultura Cernavodă III-Boleraz
e. cultura Cernavodă II
f. cultura Baden
g. cultura Coţofeni
h. cultura mormintelor tumulare
i. cultura amforelor sferice

B. Faza timpurie 2200–1800 î.Chr.
a. culturile Odaia Turcului, Năeni, Monteoru IC4, Orlea, Gorneşti, Glina III–în teritoriul extracarpatic;
b. culturile Roşiţa, Nir, Otomani–în Crişana şiMaramureşul exterior
c. culturile Schneckenberg, Jigodin, Copăceni, Livezile, Wietenberg – în teritoriul intracarpatic;
d. culturile Mako, Periam, Pecica–în Banat;

C. Faza mijlocie 1800–1350 î.Chr.
a. cultura Otomani–în N-NV
b. cultura Pecica – N-NE Banat; cultura Vattina–S Banat; cultura Verbicioara–Estul Banatului şi Olteniei; cultura Cruceni-Belegiş–Banat; cultura Cârna-Gârla Mare–Oltenia
c. cultura Tei–Muntenia şi Dobrogea
d. cultura Monteoru (sud); cultura Costişa (centru şi nord)–în Moldova

D. Faza târzie 1350–1100 î.Chr.
a. cultura Noua–Moldova, Nordul Munteniei, Transilvania de est şi centrală
b. cultura Coslogeni–sudul Munteniei şi Dobrogea
c. cultura Suciul de Sus–Transilvania de Vest
d. cultura Otomani târzie–Crişana şi Maramureş
e. cultura Lăpuş–Maramureş
f. cultura Vârtop–Banat şi Oltenia

E. Hallstatt A 1100–1000 î.Chr.
a. ceramica cu decor canelat culturile Igriţa (Crişana), Gava (Crişana şi Maramureş),Bobda-Susani (Banat), Reci, Mediaş I, Teleac (centrul Transilvaniei) şi Lăpuş I
b. ceramica cu decor imprimat culturile Insula Banului (Oltenia, Muntenia), Babadag(Dobrogea), Tămăoani (Moldova) Hallstatt B 1000–850 î. Chr – la culturile de mai sus se adaugă:
a. cultura Mediaş II cultura Teleac II (Transilvania)
b. cultura Teleac III
c. cultura Saharna-Solonceni (Moldova)
d. cultura Cozia

2. Protoistoria
2.1. Epoca Fierului 850–circa 125 î.Chr.
2.1.1. Prima epocă a Fierului (Hallstatt) 850–450 î.Chr.

A. Hallstatt C 850–625 î.Chr.
a. cultura Basarabi (întreg teritoriul României cu excepţia Sud-Estului)
c. cultura Babadag II (Sud-Estul României)

B. Hallstatt D 625–450/400 î.Chr.
a. cultura Ferigele- Bârseşti a’. coloniile greceşti
b. grupul Ciumbrud b’. grupul scitic de Vest
c. cultura Babadag III c’. penetraţiile ilirice

2.1.2. A doua epocă a fierului (La Tène) 450/400–125 î.Chr.
2.1.3. Cultura dacică 125 î.Chr.–106 d.Chr.

A. faza de tranziţie de la cultura La Tène la cultura etnică dacică 125–44 î.Chr.
B. faza arhaică a culturii dacice 44 î.Chr.–106 d.Chr.

3. Arheologia istorică
3.1. Cultura provincial romană în Dacia
A. faza de tranziţie de la cultura dacică la cea provincial-romană 106–117 d.Chr.
B. faza arhaică a culturii provincial romane în Dacia 117 –168
C. faza clasică a culturii provincial romane în Dacia 168–265
D. faza post-clasică a culturii provincial romane în Dacia 265 –273

3.2. Evul Mediu
A. cultura daco-romană 273–608
a. cultura daco-romană 273–608
b. cultura romană târzie (Dobrogea şi malul Dunării) 273–450
c. cultura Sântana de Mureş-Cerneahov 300–350
d. cultura Cireşanu 273- 350
e. cultura Brateiu-Moreşti sec. IV–VI
f. cultura Ipoteşti-Cândeşti sec. VII
g. cultura paleo-bizantină în Scithya 491–608

B. cultura romaniilor populare 608–963
C. cultura mediobizantină 963–1204
D. culturile vechi româneşti provincial bizantine 1204–1504
E. culturile vechi româneşti postbizantine 1504–1821

http://ianus.inoe.ro/Radu%20Florescu.htm